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Behavioural Therapy
Relevant information about Behavioural Therapy.
- An overview of the treatment
The behavior model, like the other official music therapy models, was brewed in the late 60s and early 70s. However, it was established as such in 1975 when Clifford Madsen, who is considered its founder, published his book: "Research in Music Behavior. Modifying Music Behavior in Classroom."
This method (Music Behavioural Therapy; BMT) was the most highly developed in the United States and the primary method of music therapy intervention.
Dr. Clifford Madsen with Dr. Vance Cutre, in 1996 published a paper describing the behavioral methods in Music Theapy as "a form of cognitive behavior modification, which in turn implies the use of behavior analysis."
This model is based on behavioral theory and adopts its principles in a music therapy application. Behaviorism is a stream of psychology which advocates the use of strict experimental procedures to study the observable behavior. Its object of study is the conduct, considering the environment as a set of stimulus-response. He understands the psychology and the study of observable facts and the method to study behavior.
The forerunner of this movement was John B. Watson, who argued that the only means by which psychology could be considered scientific was studying overt behavior. To predict and explain such conduct would be sufficient to study the antecedents and consequences.
Behaviorism assumes that the behavior can not be explained by appealing to internal structures or processes within the brain (at this point precludes psychoanalytic postulates.) Instead, behaviorists attempt to explain human behavior in terms of the relationship between inputs (stimuli) and outputs (responses). For these reasons, this theory is primarily concerned with psychological stimuli affecting the sense organs of a body, and the responses to these stimuli cause.
The behavioral approach in psychology has its roots in the association of english philosophers, as well as the American school of psychology known as functionalism and the Darwinian theory of evolution, since both currents stressed a conception of the individual as an organism adapting to the environment.
These tenets of its application in music therapy seek to modify inappropriate behavior on people through various music therapy techniques. This model holds that music is a condition that enhances operator disturbed behavior.
Numerous studies have examined the use of music within the behaviorist philosophy, especially in the United States.
Professor Jayne Standley gives the University of Florida, has measured the effects of music as reinforcement learning suction hospitalized premature babies. When these babies sucked, received musical stimulation, and when they stopped to do the music stopped. The results from this study by Dr. Standley show that musical stimulation increased the suction of the baby and as a result these children gained weight before and left the intensive care units rather than those who received no such encouragement.
- What problems are expected to be solved
The behavioral model commitment to the use of music as reinforcement or entry of any stimulus to increase adaptive behaviors or alter maladaptive behaviors and off.
This model holds that music by itself is a condition that enhances operator disturbed behavior. The impact of the musical experience is observable and measurable, and it is possible to establish a cause - effect relationship between music and behavior. Music therapy in this model, should use behavioral analysis and propose individual treatment programs to meet the needs of the people they served.
It is usually applied only in socially significant behavior or of immediate and occurs in individual frames are designed to change behavior.
Its clinical applications are found in different areas:
- Field of education: interventions for cerebral palsy, autism, intellectual disabilities, cognitive and learning processes.
- Mental health: personality disorders, rehabilitation of antisocial behavior, communication problems.
- Medical fields: in infants and cases of physical rehabilitation.
- Geriatrics: In general, in patients with dementia.
- How is the treatment carried out
The treatment was developed from the description of phenomena occurring and clearly have measured and analyzed the behavior. The behaviorist music therapist asked what happens and why. Music therapy is effective if sufficiently improve the behavior of patients and can be generalized if it produces lasting changes and / or spread to other behaviors or environments.
Within the working methods differ in 3 phases:
- Initial assessment: collecting the clinical case history, sound-musical history and current status of the conduct to be treated.
- Treatment plan: facing the therapeutic objectives, in terms of these was redesigned and finally musical experience is monitored.
The music therapist is available observational techniques to measure the frequency, duration and intensity.
Depending on how the activities are designed and the use of music, music therapy techniques aim at three different functions with a focus on auditory stimuli, structure or building:
- Incentive (beep): rhythmic activities are used to alter motor and verbal behaviors. for example, walking.
- Organization: the music is structured as a continuous activity and structured to stimulate learning. Improved auditory discrimination and social skills, for example, children with different disabilities.
- Reinforcement: music is used as reinforcement to carry out objectives. For example, people with disabilities.
- How long is the therapy expected to last
This type of treatment is characterized by its short duration, compared with other music therapy methods. Its duration and its contents are variable, but its overall purpose is to examine the patterns of thought and behavior that characterize the problem within a limited period of time. It is particularly suited to address specific problems and specific
It usually consists of between 8 and 20 individual sessions (one week). The number of sessions depends on the type of problem and the dedication of the patient. Each session lasts between 50 and 60 minutes.
The results expected are functional to the aims pursued and particularly whichever pathology and behavioral problems identified in.
This method has developed specific techniques of musical intervention as the therapeutic goal. For example, in Parkinson's patients, the use of certain structures or certain kind of rhythmic pulse and improvisation for working memory and attention: folk songs, hymns and familiar tunes in patients with senile dementia. To work on movement: Adagio, long and slow airs musical pieces in old age. The song as a mode of expression for the elderly, is intended to encourage personal relationships and communication with the group.
Music therapy is able to produce behavioral improvements in behavioral changes based on concrete and practical. Its objectives are generally very punctual and works directly on them. May produce more global changes in both new learned behaviors are maintained. This would lead to achieve these changes point to expand into other environments and behaviors.
While music therapy on behavior behavioral acts only significant and immediate importance, it can happen that leave out other issues not so obvious or so old that have been naturalized even the subject himself.
Moreover, the behavioral focus on what can be left out fenemenológicamente elements that are not observable or measurable. This therapy can be very useful for working on urgent but complex effects on deeper each issue and the subject itself.
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